In recent decades, the relations between the Arab world and Brazil have increasingly become the subject of academic study by literary scholars, historians, sociologists, anthropologists, and political scientists based in the Americas, the Arab world, and Europe. On the one hand, this reflects the emergence of Brazil as an important player in newly reconfigured economic and geopolitical networks within the Global South since the end of the military dictatorship and the Cold War. On the other hand, it is also a belated response by the academy to a centuries long relationship between the two regions. This collection brings together the latest research on the history of Arabic studies in Brazil, Brazilian foreign policy toward the Middle East, Arab immigration and the Palestinian Diaspora in Brazil, Brazilian Orientalism, literary translation between Arabic and Brazilian Portuguese, and Arab Brazilian literature.